For an effective integrated attack, what must functional organizations at a minimum include?

An effective integrated attack relies fundamentally on a cohesive mix of various specialized forces that coordinate their efforts to achieve a common objective. The correct answer highlights the importance of including distinct types of operational units—fixing, assault, support, and action forces—within a functional organization.

Fixing forces are responsible for engaging and holding the enemy in place, which is crucial for disrupting their ability to reposition or reinforce. Assault forces then capitalize on this engagement by executing maneuvers aimed at exploiting weaknesses, often leading to the decisive actions taken by the units. Support forces provide the necessary logistical and tactical backing, such as artillery support, reconnaissance, or engineering assistance, that enables the primary assault to proceed effectively. Action forces are usually tasked with carrying out the final operations required to secure a victory or achieve mission objectives.

This organized structure of diverse units allows for a multifaceted approach that increases the chances of success during an integrated attack, which is why the inclusion of fixing, assault, support, and action forces is essential. Other options may include important aspects of operational planning but do not encompass the critical blend of combat elements necessary for executing an effective attack strategy.